However, in extremely preterm newborns (<24 weeks of gestational) it is important to evaluate not only chronological age but also neurological development. You should only consume burgers that are cooked thoroughly until they reach an internal temperature of 165 F and make sure all condiments (such as mayonnaise or mustard) are fresh. Can I eat ricotta on pizza when pregnant ? Even dippy eggs a bunch. It is actually good for you and your baby to eat a steak during gestation. Play it safe: Because of potential exposure to these bacteria, the FDA warns that pregnant women should avoid all kinds of sprouts, including bean and alfalfa. Though any temperature under 160 F/71 C or 165 F/ 74 C for ground poultryis not considered safe for ground meat, here is a list of cooking times for varying degrees of doneness for burgers: Rare: 120 to 125. Without adequate amounts of folate, the body is unable to develop or function properly and numerous health issues can emerge. That whipped topping is safe. My obgyn always said that I freak out for nothing lol. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Play it safe: Chilly temperatures don't wipe out bacteria, so ask for the ingredient list before helping yourself to a scoop. Willett, W., Rockstrm, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Garnett, T., Tilman, D., DeClerck, F., Wood, A. But yes medium rare is fine according to the USDA. Regarding types of food at the start of weaning, 37% of responders recommended a complete meal with cereals, pureed meat, vegetables and fruits; 36% of responders recommended only pureed fruits; 27% of responders recommended only cereals with pureed vegetables. Paradoxically, however, this is the time that most women get an unusual craving for fast food, which is, to be frank, quite natural. King C. Whats new in enterally feeding the preterm infant? Accidentally ate medium rare to rare steak now really worried Increase revenue, drive traffic, and make an impact with Impossible products. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/DISORDERS/PATIENT-CAREGIVER-EDUCATION/FACT-SHEETS/SPINA-BIFIDA-FACT-SHEET#3258_6(opens in a new tab). The Impossible Sausage contains approximately 100 mcg DFE per cooked 4 oz serving A comparable cooked serving of pork sausage from pigs(opens in a new tab) contains only 1 mcg DFE. Ganguly, P., & Alam, S. F. (2015). Folate deficiency occurs when there is insufficient folate in the body to meet biological needs. I didn't even think to. To the best of our knowledge, information on current weaning practices in the preterm infant population in Italy is not available. Although McDonalds burgers can be enjoyed by people who are pregnant, it is important to consider the health of mother and baby. When ordering out, ask for a well-done burger during pregnancy and hold the lettuce to help minimize your risk of foodborne illness and keep you and baby full, satisfied, and safe. God forbid I keep freaking out over it since yesterday. You'd know by now. N.L. Having a premature baby. Dietary Fats During Pregnancy: Know Which Ones To Choose. And double-check that the chef places finished burgers onto a clean plate, so there's no cross-contamination. The buns should be fresh as well, and the cheese you put in can only be the hard variety. Chat with on-call OB GYN Doctors in minutes. To the best of our knowledge, no data on current complementary feeding in preterm infants is available in Italy. Can I Eat Medium-Rare Steak When Pregnant? You Shouldn't! The optimal duration of milk feeds alone (exclusive breastfeeding or formula or a combination of the two) has not yet been determined in preterm infants, mainly because of the lack of scientific data. The folate in the Impossible Burger and Impossible Sausage come from two main ingredients(opens in a new tab): soy protein concentrate and yeast extract. Barker D.J., Winter P.D., Osmond C., Margetts B., Simmonds S.J. Now Im terrified that I blew it, especially so close to the end, and that something bad is going to happen! Recently, the European Society of Pediatric Gastorenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) published a position paper on complementary feeding providing no recommendations regarding preterm weaning to health care professionals [12]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. With the right precautions, you can enjoy yourself while still staying safe. You did it! Pregnancy requires us to be as careful as we can be about what we put in our bodies. Its important to check the temperature of your burger with a food thermometer before eating it; ground beef should reach at least 160F (71C) for safety. Can You Eat Burger During Pregnancy and What to Avoid? It can indicate that your body has burned carbohydrates in order to fuel itself, and protein has been released as a result of this. The outside looked cooked but the inside looked like it was but a hint of pink in it. But that doesn't mean that you have to pass up on the fun and watch wistfully as your friends chow down. This means increased risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Folate is a B-vitamin (also known as vitamin B9) that is naturally present in some foods and added to others like cereals and grains in a synthetic form (folic acid) to make them more nutritious. @media(min-width:0px){#div-gpt-ad-eat_pregnant_com-banner-1-0-asloaded{max-width:300px!important;max-height:600px!important}}if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'eat_pregnant_com-banner-1','ezslot_3',160,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-eat_pregnant_com-banner-1-0'); Any sandwich made with cooked meat is safe, with offal being the exception. Despite there being widely endorsed recommendations and increasing evidence for full-term newborns, that postnatal growth rate has significant long-term consequences [2,3] and might be influenced by timing and type of solid foods which are introduced [4,5,6], there, surprisingly, is no evidence-based guidelines in preterm infants. Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes. 2. As always, make sure to consult with your healthcare provider before making any dietary changes during pregnancy. Folate. Can I Eat A Burger While Pregnant? - Classified Mom Find advice, support and good company (and some stuff just for fun). Only few position papers are available, with controversial recommendations [7,8,9,10,11]. (2020). The industrial sandwich contains only industrial mayonnaise, so the sandwich can be eaten without risk during pregnancy.Homemade or bakery-made mayonnaise is sometimes made from fresh eggs. You can't control everything, and it just gets worse once the kid gets here and puts things in his mouth you wouldn't even believe (mine developed a desire to eat dog hair once he became mobile but has since grown out of that phase, thank goodness). 8600 Rockville Pike It was pink. After 5-6 minutes, flip the burgers, wait another five minutes and they're done. Twenty-seven percent of responders suggested to postponing allergenic foods such as fish and eggs in preterm infants. In total, 1000 primary care paediatricians were randomly selected from the mailing list of the Italian Federation of Paediatricians (Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri, FIMP) and invited to participate anonymously in the study. Post your pictures! Such masking refers to the fact that large amounts of folate can address megaloblastic anemia and its symptoms but not otherwise address an existing vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to neurological damage. Fewtrell M.S., Morley R., Abbott R.A., Singhal A., Stephenson T., MacFadyen U.M., Clements H., Lucas A. Catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age term infants: A randomized trial. The term complementary food refers to solids and liquids, other than breast milk and infant formula, needed when milk is no longer adequate to meet all infants nutritional requirements [1]. Your post will be hidden and deleted by moderators. Baby Crib Mattress and Toddler Bed Dual Sided, Covid-19 vaccine during pregnancy in New Zealand, Signature by Levi Strauss & Co. Gold Label Womens Maternity Skinny Jeans, The First Years 4 in 1 Warming Comfort Tub, Medela Lanolin Nipple Cream for Breastfeeding, Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Section Calculator (VBAC), Estimated Date of Delivery Calculator (EDD), Preeclampsia, high blood pressure during pregnancy. While the majority of Americans consume enough folate, certain populations are at greater risk of inadequate intake and have higher recommendations. Get Started To Read . Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Folate and Folic Acid on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Label. Eating a well done burger when pregnant is generally safe, however it is important to ensure that you are using proper food safety techniques. If you feel a message or content violates these standards and would like to request its removal please submit the following information and our moderating team will respond shortly. It is not advisable to eat deli meat, which the rosette sandwich, the rillette sandwich and pt are made with. Agostoni C., Buonocore G., Carnielli V.P., De Curtis M., Darmaun D., Decsi T., Domellf M., Embleton N.D., Fusch C., Genzel-Boroviczeny O., et al. The risk factor: These wispy plants grow in a moist, damp environment, which doubles as an ideal breeding ground for Listeria and other harmful bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli. The raw parts of the burger have been exposed to the air and bacteria. ); ti.abinu@aigrofal.alocin (N.L. Ninety-eight percent of participants gave vitamin D supplementation and 91% of participants gave iron supplementation to preterm infants, but with many differences concerning timings to start and stop (Table 2) as well as dosage (Table 3). You're fine. The Pregnant Woman's Guide to Barbecues - Parents (opens in a new tab)For most Americans, enriched products contribute the largest source of folic acid per day in the diet (Stephenson & Schiff, 2015). All this precaution is taken to ensure that the ingredients do not start playing host to salmonella, which can lead to a deadly food poisoning it is extremely harmful in pregnancy. I still eat medium done steaks. By: Carolyn Robbins 13 June, 2017 Although high in fat, hamburgers do contain some nutrients beneficial to you and your baby, including iron and protein. I didn't follow a single food rule. This is a concern for populations such as elderly individuals (Cuskelly et al., 2007), who may also be more likely to suffer from conditions like pernicious anemia(opens in a new tab), which prevents normal vitamin B12 absorption. Before There is little in the way of nutritional value that we can hope to get from our burgers, pregnant or not. rice, pasta, etc.). Youll be just fine! We think that this choice could be a good answer in reducing weaning failure and to increase parents compliance. Spina Bifida Fact Sheet. (opens in a new tab) Consuming excess folate is more likely if you take folic acid supplements rather than eat foods high in naturally-occuring folate because folic acid is up to twice as bioavailable as folate from unenriched food. Burgers. When eating medium rare burger or other sandwiches, you should verify the ingredients they are made with. There is little in the way of nutritional value that we can hope to get from our burgers, pregnant or not. (2021). Embleton N.D., Fewtrell M. Complementary feeding in preterm infants. To help prevent food-borne illnesses, also avoid unpasteurized dairy products such as soft cheese and make sure to wash all fruits and vegetables before consuming them. Regarding vitamin D supplementation, in a commentary from ESPGHAN on Enteral Nutrient Supply for Preterm Infants [21], vitamin D intake of 8001000 IU/day during the first months of life was recommended to support neuromuscular function and bone mineralisation. Youll be ok mama. Coffee Play it safe: Since heat can destroy the bacteria, cook hot dogs and deli meats to at least 165F. The risk factor: If left out for too long, these delicious sides can become contaminated with bacteria like Listeria. soybeans), nuts, and other vegetables (e.g asparagus, brussels sprouts) (FDA, 2021(opens in a new tab)). Nobody is! Mental illness almost destroyed her, yet here she is fighting back and teaching you all the things she has learned along the way. The folate content of Impossible Burger and the Impossible Sausage represent a significant nutritional benefit over animal muscle meat, which contains minimal amounts of folate. After reading a few sources and expecting better, I have decided that medium rare . The type of complementary foods did not comply with an evidence-based sequence; 98% of participants promoted vitamin D supplementation and 89% promoted iron supplementation with great diversity in timing and doses. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Marriott L.D., Foote K.D., Bishop J.A., Kimber A.C., Morgan J.B. Weaning preterm infants: A randomised controlled trial. Early pregnancy during the summer heat all i could stomach was cereal, crackers and cold cut sandwiches! National Library of Medicine Furthermore, despite in terms of allergy prevention there is no benefit in delaying the introduction of potentially allergenic foods, Italian primary care paediatricians trend to defer the introduction of some type of complementary foods. I ate whatever I wanted my entire pregnancy. In our results, more than 50% of the paediatricians started weaning according to the infants neurodevelopmental status. So I had five guys yesterday and the first bite I took I notice just a super tiny amount of pink. below to see results! The #1 app for tracking pregnancy and baby growth. Can I eat medium rare burger when pregnant I now eat relatively anything I want in moderation, including medium steaks vs. My normal med rare. It is best to discuss food cravings with your doctor during pregnancy. The outside looked cooked but the inside looked like it was but a hint of pink in it. I plowed a Turkey sub today with absolutely no regrets. cooked serving of 80/20 ground beef from cows, broader focus on public and planetary health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/, https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/folate-and-folic-acid-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels#:~:text=How%20will%20folate%20be%20listed,absorbing%20folic%20acid%20than%20folate, https://www.ninds.nih.gov/DISORDERS/PATIENT-CAREGIVER-EDUCATION/FACT-SHEETS/SPINA-BIFIDA-FACT-SHEET#3258_6, Skip Navigation Links and go to top content, press enter. 24/02/2022 01:34 I'm freaking out, my husband and I ordered some burgers from burger 1, I ordered mine well done and my husband got his medium and I accidentally took two or three bites of his burger thinking it was mine and now I'm panicking. What Does Craving Hamburgers Mean? During a car trip, in between meals or at a picnic - these are all examples of occasions in which you would usually eat medium well burger. Folate and vitamin B12: friendly or enemy nutrients for the elderly*: Symposium on Micronutrients through the life cycle. But it is essential to be aware of which types of sandwich are safe and which are not. While numerous studies have documented that folate can be destroyed by heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light, and food processing, our lab tests of cooked Impossible products have shown that folate is present in significant amounts after cooking. Such malformations of the central nervous system range in severity and can result in serious physical impairments, mental disabilities, and potentially premature death (NINDS, 2021). The "Steaming Hot" Rules. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Here's why: A burger is the bun, patty made of beef, chicken or fish and toppings like tomato ketchup, slices of pickles, onions, lettuce, tomatoes, mushrooms, Mayo and mustard. Specifically, folate contributes to the synthesis of DNA and protein metabolism (NIH, 2021(opens in a new tab)), and is closely linked with vitamin B12 in these functions. I've read mixed opinions Thank you x OP posts: See next See all Add message It cant be synthesized by the body and must be replenished frequently through diet making it all the more important to find good sources in the food you eat. In 1998(opens in a new tab), mandatory folic acid fortification began in the United States. Our products can be part of a healthy and sustainable diet for individuals at all life stages including children, pregnant/lactating women, and the elderly. Yes, you can eat a medium burger while pregnant. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); What Are The Most Common Pregnancy Cravings? Ate medium rare steak tonight. Did I hurt my baby? : r/BabyBumps - Reddit 37 weeks FTM here. Timing of introduction of the single food groups in months. Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Clark, M. A., Springmann, M., Hill, J., & Tilman, D. (2019). Factors affecting the introduction of complementary foods (age, infants neurodevelopmental status and body weight) were investigated. We strive to provide you with a high quality community experience. Can I occasionally eat burger during pregnancy? | PregnantPlate The risk factor: Some custard-based ice creams are made with raw eggs, which may be contaminated with Salmonella. As to toxoplasmosis, youre probably safer by now as baby could be induced and no major organs are forming. All rights reserved. The answer to this question is that a little pink in your burger is generally okay when pregnant, as long as the meat has been cooked thoroughly and any cheese used has been pasteurized. Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped But before you fire up that grill or fill up your plate, remember that some of your favorite dishes may be risky for moms-to-be. beef liver), legumes (e.g. No one gets pregnant for the nausea, heartburn and constipation, but they tend to come with the territory. I eat my steak medium rare and my deli meat cold, no issues. Salmonella is a bacterium found in non-fresh eggs. Any recommendations made on this website are not a substitute for medical consultation. Have I just hurt my baby. Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. I would say if you didn't get sick soon after eating it you're fine. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. On the other hand, a recent study suggested that early introduction of solid food may be related to a higher rate of hospital readmission with no difference in growth compared to delayed introduction of complementary food [14]. Is It Safe to Eat Hamburgers While Pregnant? Make sure the meat is cooked thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 160F (71C) before consuming it. While folic acid remains the preferred form of folate to prevent NTD because of its greater bioavailability, recent research suggests that naturally-occuring food folates play a strong role in NTD-reduction (Marchetta et al., 2015(opens in a new tab)). Note that once you confirm, this action cannot be undone. To recap, it is perfectly ok to eat industrial sandwiches. Overall, it is hard to consume too much folate. Fewtrell M.S., Lucas A., Morgan J.B. Factors associated with weaning in full term and preterm infants. The short answer is No. If it could of been for a five guys burger could I get listeria? Hot dogs. So skip using this veggie in salads or as a burger topping. Dont stress yourself too much if you can! Food in the Anthropocene: the EATLancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Ive had everything you mentioned except oysters! Can I occasionally eat fried chicken during pregnancy? Oh do not worry. Received 2018 Apr 17; Accepted 2018 May 9. The risk factor: Even if you always order your burgers medium-rare, now's the time to be wary of undercooked patties."Pregnancy weakens your immune system, which can leave you more vulnerable to food poisoning," explains Lynn. Its strange because Ive never had it either, despite all the rare steaks Ive eaten and cats Ive owned and been around, if it's from a reputable restaurant, it's not a problem, we grilled it at home but it was organic and grass-fed . However, you have to make sure the beef you are eating or thinking about eating needs to be well cooked. Were here to help! The authors also acknowledge Mauro Stronati (President), Luigi Corvaglia, Francesco Cresi, and Mario De Curtis as part of the Task Force on Complementary Feeding of the Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN) and Alberto Villani (President), Davide Vecchio, Luciana Indinnimeo, Giuseppe Banderali, and Annamaria Staiano as part of the Task Force on Complementary Feeding of the Italian Society of Pediatrics (SIP). the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. (opens in a new tab) Estimates have suggested that such strategies have successfully reduced rates of NTD by as much as 28% (Williams et al., 2015). As to the bakery sandwich, avoid the cold meat, homemade mayonnaise, and vegetables sandwiches. What experts fear is the high calorie content in a burger with not enough nutrients for an expecting mom and her baby. Kumar, A., Palfrey, H. A., Pathak, R., Kadowitz, P. J., Gettys, T. W., & Murthy, S. N. (2017). The short answer is No. So I had five guys yesterday and the first bite I took I notice just a super tiny amount of pink. An official website of the United States government. & Caudill, M. A. You and baby will be fine mama. Play it safe: Unless you're sure that these prepared foods were handled properly and not left out for more than two hours (or one hour if the temperature is more than 90F), take a pass on these dishes. You may also choose to opt for leaner cuts of meat or vegetarian options like veggie burgers if you feel more comfortable with those choices. Menus are adventurous nowadays, and there are soya and veggie stuffed burgers that are equally delicious. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. (2021). But I still have a tiny doubt if it was undercooked or not. Good luck . The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. In many articles and. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Some nutrition will always be better than none. Mathieson A. There is a lot of conflicting information out there about what is and isn't safe to eat during pregnancy. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Share your journey! However, trying to be aware of all the different recommendations might turn out to be overwhelming. Dont worry about those things cause its like a super small chance you can get those. Concerns about the health of pregnant women led to research showing that folic acid could address the threat of NTD. Deli meats. Overall, folic acid is more easily digested, absorbed, and metabolized than naturally-occuring forms of folate. Or better still, order a vegetarian burger. Palmer D.J., Makrides M. Introducing solid foods to preterm infants in developed countries. Like other B vitamins, folate plays an important role in the metabolism of, When reading about pregnancy, you may have come across these terms oxalate and oxalic acid. Present knowledge in nutrition, 321-342. The site is secure. Barker D.J., Hales C.N., Fall C.H., Osmond C., Phipps K., Clark P.M. But is it safe to eat medium rare burger during pregnancy? This entire pregnancy, I have been super paranoid and careful about following all of the food rules. The Journal of nutrition, 145(7), pp.1636S-1680S. Now I've freaked myself out about the possibility of getting listeria. To put your mind at ease, read on. According to our data, the paediatric approach regarding the introduction of solid foods was exclusively based on the infants age for 44% of responders, based only on neurodevelopmental status for 18% and based only on body weight for 4% of responders. Need for a c-section. This answer is toward complete agreement with the The Joint Consensus Statement on weaning preterm infants that suggests considering the degree of motor development for the decision to start weaning. I needed to hear these types of rational thoughts! Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016). Read the latest from Impossible Foods. Introduction: According to the 2016 Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) data in Italy, about 6.7% of all newborns are born prematurely. She said only to worry if I have a fever, then it could be serious. For most sandwiches, the answer is yes. @media(min-width:0px){#div-gpt-ad-classifiedmom_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0-asloaded{max-width:300px!important;max-height:250px!important;}}if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'classifiedmom_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-classifiedmom_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); It is generally not advised to eat a Whopper while pregnant, as it contains high levels of saturated fat and sodium. 31/10/2020 15:26. The study showed that the introduction of complementary foods varied widely, and the absence of scientific evidence has led to different and contrasting approaches by caregivers, both in too early or too late weaning. It's all on temperature. Folate: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. "No Pink" Rules. The manager agreed it looked medium well. The most common forms of NTD are malformations of the spine (spina bifida) and brain (anencephaly). Results: A total of 347 primary care Italian paediatricians answered the questionnaire; 44% of responders based the timing of the introduction of solid food exclusively on an infants age, 18% on an infants neurodevelopmental status and 4% on the body weight; the remaining 34% based the timing on two or more of these aspects. It will be fine. The risk factor: Even if you always order your burgers medium-rare, now's the time to be wary of undercooked patties. Agostoni C., Decsi T., Fewtrell M., Goulet O., Kolacek S., Koletzko B., Michaelsen K.F., Moreno L., Puntis J., Rigo J., et al. Medium Well: 150 to 155. Esp if it was only a couple bites , You should be ok. You didn't eat the whole thing. Me and my husband are out for dinner tonight and I really want a burger can I have one?! Can I drink beetroot juice when pregnant . This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. Socha, D. S., DeSouza, S. I., Flagg, A., Sekeres, M., & Rogers, H. J. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. I'm fully aware that the rules can be overkill, but I figure it's not worth the risk. With my first I was super vigilant with every bite I took and then with a couple weeks to go got a call that some plums I had eaten were recalled for listeria. If you don't have a thermometer on hand, make sure that your hot dog is cooked through. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/(opens in a new tab). on the calendar. Based on nutritional testing of our products, we expect there to be approximately 79 mcg DFE per 4 oz of uncooked product. Nutrition journal, 14(1), 1-10. MMWR. How folate, a micronutrient in Impossible. This behaviour reflects the absence of clear published data and might not meet the nutritional needs of growing preterm infants. thank you!! I'm a FTM so I'm very cautious about everything and now I'm so worried. Is it safe to eat a medium rare burger while pregnant? Make sure the meat is cooked thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 160F (71C) before consuming it. If cooking up a burger at home is not your thing, and you are craving for a particular brand, the best thing to do would be to mention specific instructions while placing your orders. I was super afraid for so long but I can only eat carbs and was like Im eating this and felt guilty for a few but my doctor reassured me as long as I dont eat it every day its okay! The risk factor: These processed meats can harbor Listeria, a type of bacteria that can cause a rare but dangerous infection.