meycauayan river pollution

Representative fish samples for each pond were collected to determine size and weight. One cause of decreased dissolved oxygen concentration is pollution, due to effluents or runoff water with constituents that have high oxygen demand for decomposition.18 Based on the obtained results, the dissolved oxygen level did not meet the standard of the DENR, which is 5.0 ppm. The sediments were pooled for heavy metal analysis. In recent decades, Bangladesh has emerged as a leading textile exporter globally due to its low labor cost and high-quality products. Higher temperatures increase the rate of biochemical activity of microbiota and plant respiratory rates, causing an increase in oxygen demand that can result in decreased DO. The study area was the Meycauayan River segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system in Bulacan. A hypoxic environment can reduce cell functioning, disrupt balance and could result in the death of aquatic organisms. The recommended conductivity level for aquatic organisms is only 0.150.50 mS/cm.12 Total dissolved solids (TDS) are directly related with conductivity. The water temperature was relatively low at both sites before and after pond preparation. 2019) and the City of Meycauayan (Bulacan), the latter being considered one of the most polluted cities in the developing world (Diwa et al. Chemical oxygen demand is the total measurement of all chemicals (organic and inorganics) in the water. In the latest National Water Quality Status Report (20062013), the Meycauayan River was regarded as poor water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. . In addition, the water on the upstream side was stagnant, which resulted in a decreased dissolved oxygen level. Fish start to gasp for air on the water surface, which is an indication of a very low DO level. For the temporal analysis, DO, temperature and pH showed significant differences between morning and afternoon. Increases in temperature cause decreased solubility of oxygen and increased level of ammonia in water.19 The optimum temperature range for milkfish culture is 20 - 43C.20 Increases in temperature lowers the solubility of oxygen, which could cause stress and death at extreme temperatures.21. Different sources of biochemical oxygen demand in the river system might come from effluents from industries, wastewater treatment plants, domestic waste and water runoff. Water quality parameters include dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and phosphates. Table 6 show the Cu content of water at the Nagbalon and Liputan sites. For the other parameters, ammonia showed a significant difference over time for the Liputan site. In order to address severe water pollution in the river system, several remediation strategies have been utilized. It was an indication that pollution had worsened throughout the last decade. The remediation strategies used in the present study were assessed using various parameters. The fish samples were harvested for heavy metal analysis using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The Meycauayan River System originates from the hills of Sapang Palay and San Jose del Monte, and courses down into Manila Bay via its tributaries. In 2007, the watchdog named Marilao in its list of 30 "dirtiest" places on earth. Due to the characteristics of coliforms, they are used in detecting human and animal fecal contamination in bodies of water. Chemical oxygen demand values are always greater than the biochemical oxygen demand measurements. The percentage survival of milkfish was higher in Liputan than in Nagbalon. (Source: Google Maps). The Meycauayan River is located in Meycauayan City, Bulacan, about 19 km north of Manila and about 22 km south of Malolos City, the capital city of Bulacan (between 14.738 and 14.755 north and . Established harmonious collaboration among key players to address the key concerns of each sector, such as: cost-effective technologies for the industries, information and education of the labor force and the general public on the hazards of heavy metal exposure, increased capacity of health care workers in curing heavy metal contamination, organized political body for implementing reforms. 32509410 DOI. Despite the short span of the phytoremediation set up, there were substantial changes in water quality. The upstream site was located at Viente Reales, Valenzuela City. Subject: Assessment of the Effect of Remediation Strategies on the Environmental Quality of Aquaculture Ponds in Marilao and Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). The Pb levels of the Meycauayan River were above the severe effect level of 250 ppm. Surface sediments were collected at each site along the river using a grab sampler. Objectives: As water temperature increases, density decreases. . The filtration pond, which is composed of pipes that transfer water to the test ponds, was established to filter the water coming from the river and supply water to Pond 1 at the Nagbalon site and Pond 4 at the Liputan site. It can affect other water quality variables such as dissolved oxygen, pH, ORP and conductivity. Copper Concentrations (ppm) in Water of Ponds at Nagbalon and Liputan. Conductivity outside this range could indicate that the water is not suitable for certain species of fish or macroinvertebrates. In order to address organic and heavy metal pollution, several remediation strategies were tested in aquaculture ponds along the river system. Aside from physico-chemical variables, the quality of the water samples was also determined through microbial indicators. It assists its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and economic development. Assessment of the Effect of Remediation Strategies on the Environmental Available from: Water: monitoring and assessment: 5.6 phosphorus [Internet]. Phosphate levels were high downstream. In Bulacan, Philippines, industries involved in electronics, metalworking and jewelry are forced to discharge copper-containing wastes to the Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando River System (MMORS). They were applied after pond preparation, which involved removing the upper layer of the sediments and scattering the zeolite powder throughout the pond sediment before introduction of water. During the 1st and 2nd months of monitoring, small amounts of Cu were detected in ponds at Nagbalon. When the phytoremediation setups for both sites were installed, there was a significant increase in the average body weight of milkfish, as reflected in the 2nd and 3rd month of sampling. The aim of the present study was to provide insight on the current status of the Meycauayan River and outline an appropriate strategy to solve problems of organic and heavy metal contamination. Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. Conclusions. The majority of studies on heavy metal pollution in urban areas in the Philippines focused on Manila (Prudente et al. Lead had a value of 947 ppm at the upstream location and 783 ppm at the downstream site. However, based on fish survival, the ponds at Liputan had a very high percentage survival compared to Nagbalon. The manganese (Mn) level of the midstream and downstream sites was high and exceeded the severe effect level of 1100 ppm. Results of physic-chemical analyses of samples indicated the deterioration of the natural quality of the river waters. There was a high coliform count at both the upstream (3.5 104 colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml) and downstream (2.5 104) sites, which exceeded the limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of 126 cfu/100 ml. The present study provides preliminary information on the severity of pollution in the Meycauayan River. Monitoring of heavy metal sediments was performed every month throughout the culture period. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 19-2: 84-98 - UPLB Results. Proper and frequent application of zeolite is required to achieve the desired effect of this technology. Three sampling points were chosen to be representative of the river. This could indicate that the downstream site is more polluted, as pollutants from the upstream site moved downstream and were accumulated. Heavy metals were determined by collecting water and sediment samples from the ponds and submitted to the laboratory for testing. Ex situ determination of parameters included ammonia (NH3), phosphate (PO4), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). A high TDS level can affect an organism's ability to maintain proper cell density, making it difficult to keep its position in the water column. Existing studies have monitored heavy metals in water, but not in sediments in the Philippines. Table 1 presents the analytical methods and instruments used for the determination of the different variables. In situ monitoring was done around 5:30 to 8:30 in the morning and 13:00 to 16:00 in the afternoon. Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan River Segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System in Bulacan, the Philippines Author(s) Pleto, JVR; Migo, VP; Arboleda, MDM; , . Phosphates are usually present in low concentrations in the environment. Thus, the warm water will remain at the surface, forming the epilimnion, while the denser, cooler water sinks to the bottom forming the hypolimnion. Biochemical oxygen demand has an inverse relationship with dissolved oxygen. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200609, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, http://worstpolluted.org/reports/change/2007, https://emb.gov.ph/national-water-quality-status-report/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1265-2, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_352-1_1971.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_365-3_1978.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_410-4_1993.pdf, https://pab.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DAO-2016-08-WQG-and-GES.pdf, https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/SQuiRTs.pdf, https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms59.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms58.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms57.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms56.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3899-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0078-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90009-4. Baseline sediment analysis was done to determine the changes brought about by the zeolite. Chemical oxygen demand exceeded the limit of 20 ppm at the downstream site at 84 ppm. Aquatic organisms function efficiently at a pH range of 6.59.0. It also inhibits the activity of the respiratory enzyme succinic dehydrogenase.16 Supersaturated dissolved oxygen occurs when oxygen is produced by algae more quickly than it can escape into the atmosphere. This work investigated the sources of the heavy metal pollution by. It aims to assess the performance of different remediation strategies in terms of the physicochemical changes in water and the heavy metal content of water and sediments along with the growth performance of stocked milkfish. Parameters analyzed in situ included dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature and salinity. This study was funded by Pure Earth. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water and sediments were analyzed and evaluated based on available local and international standards. However, ponds at Liputan (Pond 5 and Control Pond 2) exceeded pH 8.5, which could be stressful for fishes. These are used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. However, in the present study, the ORP values were low upstream and midstream and a negative ORP was observed downstream. Copper, chromium, lead and manganese were detected in pond sediments. The higher the biochemical oxygen demand, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in water. Marilao River polluters get away with small fines - PCIJ Table 5 shows the heavy metal concentrations of pond water before and after pond preparation. The sampling sites were chosen to determine which portion had the highest pollution level. Water quality monitoring was performed daily on the following parameters: DO, temperature, pH, and salinity. The Cr level increased from upstream to downstream. It might float up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted and might not survive.22 Sources of dissolved solids might come from different industrial activities and surface runoff along the river. Arsenic, Cd and Hg were not detected in sediments at either site. The phosphates at the downstream site exceeded the recommended limit of 0.5 ppm. Elemental analysis was conducted . Corresponding author: John Vincent R. Pleto. Manila River Mouths Act as Temporary Sinks for Macroplastic Pollution Ammonia and COD exceeded recommended levels. 10 3 items per hour). The Meycauayan River is considered one of the most severely polluted rivers in the Philippines due to heavy metal and organic pollution that has caused environmental degradation. Summary of the Cost-effectiveness of the Different Remediation Strategies. Nitrates and phosphates in excess amounts can cause significant water quality problems. Available from: Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements, Fondriest Environmental, Inc. Site selection for aquaculture: chemical features of water [Internet], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dissolved oxygen: aquatic life depends on it [Internet], Environmental dissolved oxygen values above 100% air saturation [Internet], Water quality guidelines for the management of pond fish culture, Effects of temperature on behavior, growth, development and survival of young milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal), Water temperature effects on fish and aquatic life [Internet]. Low dissolved oxygen levels were the result of the high discharge of domestic and industrial waste in the river system, similar to the Meycauayan River.20. The upstream dissolved oxygen level was low (1.87 ppm) with a saturation of 23%, which is unsatisfactory for aquatic life. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments of Meycauayan River Elemental analysis was conducted . Meycauayan River is already likely to be low in oxygen levels, causing several marine animals including fish to die. This indicates there was an efficient conversion of feeds to biomass in ponds with vetiver grass. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. The two sampling areas were located at Barangay Nagbalon, Marilao, Bulacan Province and Barangay Liputan, Meycauayan, Bulacan Province, the Phillippines. In terms of electrical conductivity, the downstream site had the highest conductivity of 738.80 mS/cm, followed by the midstream site (642.33 mS/cm) and the upstream site (391.59 mS/cm). The Meycauayan River running through the province of Bulacan is on the verge of mercury and heavy metal toxicity. Pollution in the aquatic environment is often a direct or indirect result of human activities and can result in damage to living resources, hazards to human health, a burden to aquatic activities and impairment of water quality. The pH of natural water bodies is greatly influenced by the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is an acidic gas.9 Based on the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standard set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources,7 the pH for class C water should be in the range of 6.5 8.5. Chromium levels were less than the limit of detection after three months of culture for the majority of ponds at the Nagbalon site. healthier river system for the Bulacan province. Objectives. The probiotic used in the present study was purchased from CP (Charoen Phokphand) Feeds in Samal, Bataan, the Philippines, consisted of Super biotic and pH fixer. Bioremediation uses plants and/or microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi to degrade contaminants in soil and groundwater into less toxic or non-toxic compounds.2,3 Bioremediation is a low cost and eco-friendly technology and involves not only the degradation of pollutants, but is also often able to remove pollutants from the environment without further degradation.4. All ponds at both sites exceeded the recommended limit of 0.05 ppm.7 Most of the ponds had very high ammonia levels at the start, as the reduction of ammonia in water bodies is not very efficient. The Bulacan town where chickens are slaughtered and the river is - PCIJ Dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia had a significantly moderate to strong negative relationship with fish weight. Blacksmith Institute, an environmental group that monitors pollution levels in different parts of the globe, included the two sites in its "Dirty Thirty" list of the World's Worst Polluted Places for 2007. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship of the physicochemical and fish parameters. Three sites (upstream, midstream and downstream) of the river were considered for the evaluation of water and sediment quality. [cited 2018 Aug 26]. NOAA OR&R Report 08-1 [Internet], National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Dynamics of dissolved oxygen and vertical circulation in fish ponds, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Artisanal gold and precious metal refiners that use toxic heavy metals lie on the upstream causing much of the pollution. [about 5 screens]. The COD level of all ponds throughout the culture period exceeded the recommended limit set by Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines of 100 ppm.7 However, based on the results, the phytoremediation pond at both sites had relatively lower COD compared to other ponds. A creek in Meycauayan, Bulacan that often changes color brings anything but joy to residents. Ponds showed a slightly alkaline pH level throughout the culture period. Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment using modified Hydrological Corresponding author: John Vincent R. Pleto. The environmental quality of aquaculture ponds was assessed to determine the effectiveness of different remediation strategies. One possible source of high Cr might be leather tanning industries in Meycauayan. The sources of biochemical oxygen demand in the Pasig River were domestic, industrial and solid wastes.20. The midstream site was located at Barangay Caingin, Meycauayan and the downstream site was at McArthur Bridge, Meycauayan, Bulacan. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments of Meycauayan River Board to rehabilitate Meycauayan River formed | GMA News Online Treatment of sediment bottom was performed by adding zeolite. Dissolved oxygen did not reach the recommended limit of 5.0 ppm of the DENR. There is a high level of dissolved oxygen in the upper layer, where warmer temperatures and phytoplankton growth indicate good water quality, while in the lower layer, there is very low DO and poor phytoplankton growth, indicating poor water quality.13 Seasonal stratification occurs, resulting in temperature-dependent density. These grasses were later collected and utilized for heavy metals analysis. Ponds applied with probiotics had the highest average fish weight for Pond 1 and Pond 2. Biochemical oxygen demand exceeded the recommended limits of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) of 7.0 ppm with values of 13.22 ppm (upstream) and 12.02 ppm (downstream). MANILA, Philippines - The rehabilitation of the Meycauayan River in Bulacan province is expected to start soon with the creation of a governing board that will formulate strategies designed to improve and maintain water quality of the river system. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines. Meycauayan, officially the City of Meycauayan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Meycauayan), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Bulacan, Philippines.According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 225,673 people. The pH level was slightly alkaline. Water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016, Department Of Environment And Natural Resources, p. DENR Administrative Order No. Daily temperature levels for most of the ponds were within recommended limits (25 - 31C) based on the DAO 16-08 standard for Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016.7 Temperatures were within the tolerable range, although there were days, especially in the afternoon, when the temperature reached a maximum of 35C. Rapid aeration and photosynthesis coupled with higher water temperatures are the primary contributors to DO supersaturation. Background. The general objective of the present study was to assess the physico-chemical, microbiological and sediment quality of the river system. However, Cu levels still exceeded the severe effect level of 110 ppm. The remaining parameters such as BOD, COD and heavy metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)) were analyzed monthly in the laboratory. The deterioration of the Meycauayan River has been a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth. The Case of Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando River System are its multiple and often conicting uses and multi-area coverage. Four replicate samples were obtained and pooled equally into two 1 L polyethylene bottles for analysis. During the assessment of the National Water Quality Status Report, the annual average dissolved oxygen in the Meycauayan River was 1.5 ppm (2003) and 1.2 ppm (2005).18 There were no changes in the mean dissolved oxygen levels in the river since 2003. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments of Meycauayan River (PDF) Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS - ResearchGate Heavy metals in sediments and fish were monitored. Figure 1 presents a map of the study area. For the Liputan site, temperature had a significantly strong positive relationship with fish weight. The present study could be used as a basis for the development of strategies for reviving, rehabilitating and protecting the Meycauayan River. Competing Interests. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the different remediation strategies, improvements are needed in the engineering design of the vetiver grass system (phytoremediation) and proper application of probiotics and zeolite. Overall, the copper concentration of all ponds exceeded the threshold element level of 31.60 ppm.11 When values exceed the TEL, there is a probability that the sediments are toxic to fishes. Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan A dead river in pictures - PCIJ The study showed that Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu were elevated in riverine sediments.29 Few studies have addressed sediment heavy metal pollution in river quality assessments in the Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: The world's worst polluted places: the top ten of the dirty thirty [Internet], National water quality status report 20062013 [Internet], Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Environmental Management Bureau, Protecting livelihoods, human and ecosystem health in the Philippines, Seasonal and spatial variation of Yamuna River water quality in Delhi, India, Method 352.1: Nitrogen, nitrate (colorimetric, brucine) by spectrophotometer [Internet], United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 365.3: Phosphorous, all forms (colorimetric, ascorbic acid, two reagent) [Internet], Method 405.1: Biochemical oxygen demand (5 days, 20C), Method 410.4, Revision 2.0: The determination of chemical oxygen demand by semi-automated colorimetry [Internet], Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods, DENR administrative order no. (a) Pond 4 (filtered + probiotics + zeolite); (b) Pond 5 (phytoremediation) and (c) Control Pond 2. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). and the pH Fixer at a dosage of 150 g per ha. The visual color of the water at the upstream site was gray, while water at the downstream site appeared black. In order to address organic and heavy metal pollution, several remediation The bamboo pontoons with vetiver grass were floated on the ponds. The FCR of milkfish in the phytoremediation pond was the lowest for the Liputan site. The results of the present study showed that application of ponds with probiotics had a positive effect on the growth of milkfish for the Nagbalon site. Super biotic was applied during pond preparation and the pH fixer was applied after 2 months of culture. It indicates that there is very low abundance of photosynthetic organisms in the river system due to pollution. Dissolved oxygen below the recommended level of 5.00 ppm is stressful for fish and other aquatic life. Table 9 summarizes the heavy metal content of sediments of the different ponds before the application of zeolites. City Hall, Meycauayan City, Philippines Air Pollution: Real-time Air The BOD levels of all ponds exceeded the recommended level (7 ppm DAO 16-08) at baseline and the 90th day of culture. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-8.20.181205, https://clu-in.org/download/Citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_bioremediation.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(92)90254-S, https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2012.676603, https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/SQuiRTs.pdf, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3640/d949708b695c36cd99588afd7a297111d04c.pdf, https://articles.extension.org/sites/default/files/w/a/a7/FishPondManagementGuide.pdf, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html, https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/dissolved-oxygen/, http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC175E/AC175E00.htm, http://watermonitoring.uwex.edu/pdf/level1/methods/6DissolvedOxygen-Monitoring2010.pdf, https://www.ysi.com/File%20Library/Documents/Technical%20Notes/T602-Environmental-Dissolved-Oxygen-Values-Above-100-percent-Air-Saturation.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90104-7, http://www.watercenter.org/physical-water-quality-parameters/water-temperature/water-temperature-effects-on-fish-and-aquatic-life/, https://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/devwtrplan.pdf, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K8MQ.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_365-1_1993.pdf, https://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter7/NFMChap7_2_BOD.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_410-3_1978.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/7000b.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
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