what happened during the thermidorian reaction

Mark, H. W. (2022, November 30). "Thermidor" and "Thermidor 2" were lobster-like robots on Robot Wars. Like all French Republican Calendar months, Thermidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called dcades (decades). The Terror came to an end shortly after, but its legacy has long [19], More opposition came from the Committee of General Security, which had not been consulted over the contents of the Law. Oil on canvas by Flix Auvray, 1831. }); Constitution of 1795 (Year III) | Napoleonic Code - Britannica Books The economy was in shambles, and the country was beset by internal and external enemies. The Thermidorian Reaction Flashcards | Quizlet Royalists even tried to seize power in Paris but were crushed by the young Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte on 13 Vendmiaire, year IV (October 5, 1795). It seemed the stage was set for a climactic battle between the Paris Commune and the National Convention. The National Guard was commanded by Franois Hanriot, a foul-mouthed sans-culotte who had helped bring the Jacobins to power by causing the fall of the Girondins the year before. At 9 a.m., Robespierre, Couthon, and Saint-Just were finally taken before the Revolutionary Tribunal; the mangled corpse of Le Bas and the dying Augustin Robespierre were also dragged in, as were Hanriot, Payen, and 16 other officials loyal to Robespierre. Effectively, the law intensified the Terror by accelerating trials and increasing the likelihood of a guilty verdict, which now necessarily meant death. Feeling backed into a corner, these men, later known as the Thermidorians, were made much more dangerous by the fact that their lives were on the line. Thermidorian reaction: the fall of Robespierre. for all. We care about our planet! Jacques-Alexis Thuriot, who had been a friend of the executed Danton, muttered to a companion, "Look at the bugger. 1 Etymology and definitions 2 Background 2.1 Conspiratorial groups 3 Arrest of Robespierre and associates 4 Deaths of Robespierre and his allies 5 Aftermath 5.1 Consequences 5.2 Thermidorian regime 6 Other Thermidorian reactions 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 In French Etymology and definitions The fall of Maximilien Robespierre, or the Coup of 9 Thermidor, was a series of events that resulted in the arrests and executions of Robespierre and his allies on 27-28 July 1794. But he barely uttered his first sentence when he was shouted down by a cascade of voices. Thermidorian Reaction. Robespierre, having never handled a firearm in his life, perhaps tried to do the same; if so, the attempt was botched, and the bullet did nothing more than shatter his jaw. But once the danger had passed, Robespierre refused to give up power, insisting that internal enemies still presented a threat. Others have argued that he was fatigued, or that the executions of Danton and Desmoulins still weighed heavily on his conscience. Also, how much can we blame such events on Robespierre, the Jacobins, the Committee of Public Safety, etc? Can it be linked to one event, or is it an accumulation of events? I just have some lingering thoughts over this subject, especially after having done some research in it. function tl_categories_checked() { Updates? The victims were White Terror | French history | Britannica The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. World History Encyclopedia. This, combined with the increasing demands of both the Committee on Public Safety and the National Convention washed away Robespierre's mental and physical health to the point he was forced to reduce his presence in the Jacobin Club and the National Convention. var timelineTypesChecked = []; Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. submission. At Savenay, the Republican troops massacred surrendered soldiers and civilians alike. Robespierre believed that virtue could only be achieved through terror, and he helped to implement some of the most ruthless measures of the Reign of [8] The Ultras (also known as Hbertists or Exagrs) gathered around Jacques Hbert, as well as leaders of the Paris Commune and the exagrs of the Cordeliers Club. World History Encyclopedia. Reign of Terror - Wikipedia 5 September 1793 had found the infant French Republic in grave danger. spectators. At 2 a.m. on 28 July, soldiers in the pay of Paul Barras entered the Htel de Ville, having snuck passed Hanriot's National Guardsmen by guessing the rather obvious password: "Vive Robespierre". 24 Jul 2023. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [21], On 28 June (10 Messidor), Saint-Just returned from the northern front bearing news: the Revolutionary Army had defeated the Austrian army in Belgium at the Battle of Fleurus, securing the road to Paris. Nature & Climate Subsequently, by nightfall, all five prisoners were free and hiding out in the Htel de Ville. Georges Couthon proposed a vote on whether it should be printed and distributed to the provinces, as was usual with Convention speeches. But what started as an inoffensive tribute to the Revolution slowly transformed into a warning of a vast counter-revolutionary conspiracy meant to topple the Republic. All churches were closed, and religious symbols were removed from public view. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. who crushed all opposing groups. The Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution of Thermidor, or simply Thermidor refers to the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) in which the Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilien Robespierre was sidelined and its leaders arrested and guillotined, resulting in the end of the Reign of Terror. According to Brinton the Thermidorian Reaction is characterized by a few traits including the establishment of a Tyrant, ''an unconstitutional ruler brought to power by revolution". He claimed to possess a list of traitors, who would soon be unmasked and brought to justice. Just four years earlier, Louis Antoine Saint-Just had been an unknown boy who excitedly wrote a fan letter to his idol, Robespierre. [22] The following day, in a joint meeting of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security, Lazare Carnot allegedly shouted at Saint-Just that both he and Robespierre were "ridiculous dictators". Robespierre spoke out against dechristianization, and argued that it was counter-productive. "Rira bien qui rira le dernier": Mocking Terror after Thermidor an [ thur-mi- dawr-ee- uhn, - dohr- ] show ipa noun a member of the French moderate group who participated in the downfall of Robespierre and his followers on the 9th Thermidor (July 27th), 1794. a supporter of the reactionary movement following this coup d'tat. Thermidor (French pronunciation:[tmid]) was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The Committee of Public Safety, which was the ruling body of the new regime, began to implement a series of measures designed to crush opposition and instill fear It started July 19 or 20. Most of these executions were carried out by means of the guillotine, which became known as the national razor.. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Exiles to Guiana in South America. Paul Barras, who had been overseeing the Siege of Toulon, was similarly recalled after being accused of enriching himself in the aftermath of the siege. Sketch of Robespierre on the Way to the GuillotineJacques-Louis David (Public Domain) Feeling the noose begin to tighten, mobs of Parisians had invaded the National Convention, France's provisional legislature, on 5 September, demanding affordable bread and that their enemies be unmasked and brought to justice. Cowards! The balance of power in the assembly was then held by the . Bibliography Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. French Republican calendar - Wikipedia Submitted by Harrison W. Mark, published on 30 November 2022. There are two conflicting accounts of how Robespierre was wounded: the first one puts forward that Robespierre had tried to kill himself with a pistol,[39] and the second one is that he was shot by Charles-Andr Meda, one of the officers occupying the Htel de Ville. [27], Although he only accused three deputies by name (Pierre-Joseph Cambon, Franois Ren Mallarm, and Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret), his speech seemed to also incriminate several others. They were inadvertently aided by Robespierre himself, who retreated from public life on 18 June and seldom reappeared until 26 July. Brandishing a dagger, Tallien demanded the arrest of Robespierre and his allies including Saint-Just, Couthon, Philippe-Franois-Joseph Le Bas, and Hanriot, commander of the National Guard, the last of whom was not present. Francois Furet & Mona Ozouf & Arthur Goldhammer. the southeast, a royalist White Terror broke out. The Vende was a stronghold of royalist sentiment, which had risen up in The victims were tied up and thrown into the River Loire, On 8 Thermidor (26 July), Robespierre emerged from his seclusion to defend himself from political attack. Vacancies on the CPS and CGS (created by the most recent guillotinings) were filled by moderate Dantonists and members of "the Plain" Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, Vol. Thousands of people were arrested, and many more fled the country. When the soldiers burst into the room where the Robespierrists had gathered, chaos immediately ensued. Augustin Robespierre attempted to escape through a window, edging his way along a ledge until he slipped and landed on the street below; he was later picked up, half dead. arrested, and many more fled the country. [18] The law was not universally accepted in the Convention, and critics of Robespierre and Saint-Just would use it against them during the events of 9 Thermidor. Last modified December 02, 2022. {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16735/fall-of-robespierre-in-the-national-convention-27/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16735/fall-of-robespierre-in-the-national-convention-27/","caption":"Fall of Maximilien Robespierre on the floor of the National Convention, 27 July 1794 (9 Thermidor Year II). He refused to name them, which alarmed the deputies who feared Robespierre was preparing another purge of the Convention. [5] During the months between September 1793 and July 1794, the Committee's power increased dramatically due to several measures instated during the Terror, such as Law of Suspects, and the latter Law of 14th Frimaire, becoming the de facto executive branch of the Revolutionary Government, under the supervision of the National Convention. There is a song recorded by J-pop artist Nana Mizuki by the name of "Thermidor". The most common form of execution during the Reign of Terror was beheading. A Thermidorian Reaction is a phrase now used when an oppressive regime (government) is overthrown, and replaced by an even more repressive regime. {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16737/saint-just-and-robespierre-at-the-hotel-de-ville-o/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16737/saint-just-and-robespierre-at-the-hotel-de-ville-o/","caption":"Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine Saint-Just, Georges Couthon, and their allies take shelter at the H\u00f4tel de Ville in Paris on the night of 9-10 Thermidor Year II (27-28 July 1794), where they plot an insurrection against the National Convention. tl_categories_checked(); The Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety . Select: all / none. He had been up all night preparing the speech that he was now about to deliver before the National Convention, on the beautiful sunny morning of 27 July 1794. It's not enough for him to be master, he has to be God" (Doyle, 278). The events of the Thermidorean Reaction are also referenced in an album by California punk-rock band Shinobu, which is appropriately titled "10 Thermidor", and has tracks named both "9 Thermidor" and "10 Thermidor" on the album. Migration & Trade [34] He was interrupted by Tallien, who complained that both Robespierre and Saint-Just had broken with the Committees and now spoke only for themselves; and then by Billaud-Varenne, who related how he and Collot had been driven out of the Jacobin Club the previous day, and who accused Robespierre of conspiracy against the Convention. However, his views were not shared by the majority of the Committee of Public Safety, and the campaign continued. The Thermidorians - Wikipedia [15], Two days after the Festival, on 10 June (22 Prairial), Robespierre pushed the National Convention to pass a new law drafted by him and Georges Couthon, which accelerated the trial process and extended the death penalty to include a new set of "enemies of the people"; this included those seeking to reestablish the monarchy, interfering with food provisions, discrediting the National Convention, and communicating with foreigners, among others. The new government passed a series of laws known as the 'White Terror', which were designed to punish the supporters of the Revolution. Thermidorian Reaction, in the French Revolution, the parliamentary revolt initiated on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), which resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France. A few days later the National Convention dispersed. That evening, a defiant Robespierre read his speech again at the Jacobin Club, where it was met with rapturous applause; Collot d'Herbois and Billaud-Varenne, two of Robespierre's rivals on the Committee of Public Safety, were chased from the club by frenzied Jacobins, who were shouting "to the guillotine!" Tallien Demands the Arrest of RobespierreAuguste Raffet (Public Domain) For the counter-revolutionary, there is a grim satisfaction in the Thermidorian Reaction. dechristianization would only serve to alienate them. ","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Pierre-Antoine Demachy"},"creditText":"Pierre-Antoine Demachy / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2022-10-28T07:09:54+0000","datePublished":"2022-10-28T07:09:53+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Festival of the Supreme Being","height":3150,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_de_l%27Etre_supr%C3%AAme_2.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16584/festival-of-the-supreme-being/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16584/festival-of-the-supreme-being/","width":5190}. [23], Having abandoned both the Committee and the National Convention, which he stopped frequenting after his presidency ended on 18 June (30 Prairial),[24] Robespierre's absence allowed the breach between him and other members of the revolutionary government to widen. that terror was necessary to save the Revolution. The Convention seemed ready to blindly follow along with protocol, until Cambon meekly stood, probably realizing that if he did not speak now he would surely be carted off to the guillotine. At 2 a.m., soldiers loyal to the Convention would storm the H\u00f4tel, breaking Robespierre's jaw and taking him and his allies prisoner; they would be executed later that day. What happened to prosecutors during the Terror? Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. (Sometimes it is said that it was first prepared for Napoleon I during the month of Thermidor; others[who?] While not all of Robespierre's enemies necessarily wanted to end the Terror, much of France had become tired of the bloodshed, a fact that played into the hands of the conspirators. The Thermidorian Reaction was the event in which Robespierre and his allies were overthrown by the more Moderates, arguably ending the Reign of Terror begun by the former group in 1793. And indeed, by June 1794 it appeared that many of them were right to worry. During the Terror, some very very radical measures were undertaken by Robespierre and co., such as the Law of 22 Prairial (that I remember off the top of my head), that were opposed by a lot of the Convention. The Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III against the Thermidorian regime fails. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia.
A Passenger Named Pozner Asks Josef, Why Is E-waste Exported?, Salem Football Player, Ssm Health Monroe Clinic Mychart, Lcps Assistant Principal Salary, Articles W